Aqala Njani Amavili

Ukuba unokubiza i-log ivili, ke imbali yabo ibuyela emva ukuya kwi-Paleolithic Era (i-Stone Age), xa umntu ecinga ukuba izinto ezinkulu, ezinzima zilula ukuhamba xa ziqengqeleka kwizigodo.Ivili lokuqala lokwenyani mhlawumbi yayilivili lombumbi, elaqala malunga no 3500 BC, kwaye ivili lokuqala elenzelwe ukuthutha mhlawumbi yayilivili lenqwelo yokulwa yaseMesopotamiya ukusuka malunga no 3200 BC.

AmaJiphutha amandulo afumanisa ivili lokuqala eline-spoked, kwaye amaGrike athatha inyathelo eliya phambili ngokuqamba ivili lohlobo lwe-H kunye ne-crossbar.AmaCelt wongeza iirim zentsimbi ezijikeleze amavili malunga ne-1000 BC Amavili ahlala ekhula kwaye etshintsha ngokusetyenziswa okwahlukeneyo kwabaqeqeshi, iinqwelo, kunye neenqwelo, kodwa uyilo ngokubanzi lwahlala lufana kakhulu kumakhulu eminyaka.

Izithethi zocingo zavela ngo-1802, xa u-GB Bauer wafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza kwintetho yocingo etyhutyha umtya wevili kwaye incamathele kwihabhu.Ezi zijike zaba ziintlobo zeepoki ezisetyenziselwa amavili ebhayisekile.Amatayara erabha omoya avela malunga ne-1845, ayilwa nguRW Thompson.UJohn Dunlop waphucula amatayara ngokusebenzisa uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwerabha eyenza ukuba iibhayisekile zihambe kakuhle.

Amavili eemoto zakuqala

Uninzi lwababhali-mbali beemoto bayavuma ukuba amavili emoto anamhlanje aqala ukubonakala ngo-1885, xa uKarl Benz wenza amavili eBenz Patent-Motorwagen.Loo nqwelo-mafutha inamavili amathathu yayisebenzisa amavili ocingo olunameva kunye namavili erabha aqinileyo awayekhangeleka ngathi ngamavili ebhayisekile.Amatayara aphucuka kwiminyaka eyalandelayo, xa abazalwana baseMichelin baqalisa ukusebenzisa irabha kwiimoto, emva koko uBF Goodrich wongeza ikhabhoni kwirabha ukwandisa ubomi bamathaya emoto.

Ngowe-1924, abavelisi bamavili basebenzisa intsimbi eqengqelekayo kunye nesitampu ukwenza amavili ediskhi yentsimbi.La mavili ayenzima kodwa kulula ukuvelisa nokulungisa.Xa iFord Model-T yaphumayo, yasebenzisa amavili eentolo ezenziwe ngomthi.I-Ford yatshintsha la mavili e-welded steel speaker for 1926 kunye ne-1927 model.Amatayara erabha amhlophe angenakhabhoni kula mavili athatha kuphela malunga neemayile ezingama-2,000 kwaye kaninzi ayehamba kuphela iimayile ezingama-30 okanye ezingama-34 ngaphambi kokuba afune ukulungiswa.La mavili ayenemibhobho, yaye ayegqobhoza ngokulula yaye maxa wambi ayephuma ezindongeni zawo.

Ukuguquka kwevili lemoto kwaqhubeka ngo-1934, xa iirimu zetsimbi zokulahla, apho umbindi wevili wawungaphantsi kwemida, waphuma.Olu luyilo lwendawo yokulahla lwenza lula amatayara okukhwela.

Amavili e-aluminiyam badala kunokuba unokucinga-iimoto zemidlalo zakuqala zisebenzisa amavili e-aluminium.I-Bugatti Type 35 yazala amavili e-aluminiyam ngo-1924. Ubunzima bawo obukhaphukhaphu benza amavili ajika ngokukhawuleza, kunye nokukwazi kwe-aluminiyam ukukhupha ubushushu obenzelwe ukunyanyiswa okungcono.Ukusukela ngo-1955 ukuya ku-1958, iCadillac yanikezela ngamavili entsimbi ye-aluminiyam exutywe ngentsimbi eneentsimbi ezinesitayile se-aluminiyam espekethelwe kwirim yentsimbi.Ezi zazihlala zifakwe i-chrome, kodwa ngo-1956 iCadillac yaphuma yonke kwaye yanikezela ngegolide-anodized ekugqibeleni kwi-Eldorado yabo.

Ukuvela kwevili lemoto kuye kwakhawulezisa ngeminyaka yee-'50s kunye nee'60s, njengoko ukusebenza kunye neemoto zomdyarho ziqhubela phambili ukwamkela iialloyi ze-aluminiyam-magnesium zamavili.I-Alfa Romeo yakhupha amavili e-alloy kwi-GTA yayo ngo-1965, kwaye i-Ford yazisa i-Mustang GT350 kunye nokukhethwa kwamavili amahlanu e-Shelby / Cragar eyenziwe nge-aluminiyam ephosiweyo ene-chromed rim.Ezi zazisadityaniselwe kwirim yentsimbi, kodwa ngowe-1966 iFord yenza ukuba kubekho ivili le-aluminiyam eline-10-spoke wheel.

I-Magnesium aluminium alloy wheels (okanye “mag” wheels) enziwe nguHalibrand yaba livili elikhethwayo kumdyarho weauto ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-'50s, kwaye emva kwexesha elithile yaba luphawu lweemoto zendlela yaseShelby.

Ngomnyaka we-1960, uPontiac walandela ukhokelo lweemodeli zePanhard kunye neCadillac, esebenzisa ivili elineziko le-aluminium elifakwe kwintsimbi yensimbi ene-chrome-plated nuts.La mavili kwafuneka asebenzise iadaptha ebonelelwa ngumenzi ukuze ilingane koomatshini bokulinganisa amavili bemini.Amavili aphinde abonise umnqwazi omkhulu oseziko ogqume iilugs.UPontiac wenza la mavili akhazimlayo afumaneka ngo-1968;bezidura kwaye ngoku zinqabile kwaye zifunwa ngabaqokeleli bemoto.

I-Porsche yangena kwihlabathi le-alloy-wheel ngo-1966, xa benza umgangatho we-alloy-wheel kwi-911S.I-Porsche yaqhubeka nokusebenzisa amavili e-alloy kwi-911 iminyaka emininzi kwiinguqulelo zobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kwaye yasasazwa kwiimodeli zayo ze-912, 914, 916, kunye ne-944.Abavelisi bemoto obutofotofo kunye nentsebenzo baqhubekile nokwamkela amavili engxubevange ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-'60s ukuya phambili.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, iCitroën yade yaphuma nevili leresin eqiniswe ngentsimbi.I-Citroën SM esebenzisa la mavili entlaka yaphumelela iRally yaseMorocco ngo-1971.

I-Ferrari yakhupha ivili layo lokuqala le-alloy, uguqulelo lwe-magnesium kwiinguqulelo zendlela ye-275 GTB yayo, ngo-1964. Kwangaloo nyaka, i-Chevrolet yazisa imodeli ye-Corvette efumanekayo yamavili e-aluminiyam ye-Kelsey-Hayes ye-aluminiyam, apho uChevy wayitshintsha ngo-1967 ngebholiti- kwiintlobo.Kodwa kunye ne-Corvette C3 ngaloo nyaka, i-Chevrolet yayeka i-alloy-alloy efakwe amavili e-aluminium kwaye ayizange ikhuphe inguqulo efanayo kude kube ngo-1976.

Amavili aba makhulu ngeminyaka yoo-'90s, nobukhulu obuqhelekileyo bonyuka ukusuka ngaphantsi kwe-intshizi ezili-15 ukuya ngaphezulu kwe-intshizi ezili-17, bade bafikelela kwi-intshi ezingama-22 ngo-1998. ukuduma ngeminyaka yee-'90s.

Uyilo lwevili lwexesha elizayo lubandakanya "i-tweel," ivili elingenamoya, elingaphefumliyo elinezipikha, ezifanelekileyo ngoku kuphela kwiimoto zokwakha ezihamba kancinci.I-“tweel,” ephuhliswe ngu-Michelin, ineengxaki ezinzulu zokungcangcazela ngaphezu kwe-50 yeemayile ngeyure, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kungafaneki ukuba yamkelwe ukusetyenziswa kwendlela de uphuculo luwusombulule umba wokungcangcazela.

Amavili abizwa ngokuba “asebenzayo”, nawo aphuhliswe nguMichelin, apakisha zonke iindawo eziphambili zemoto, nkqu nemoto, kumavili ngokwawo.Amavili asebenzayo ngaweemoto zombane kuphela.

Amathuba kukuba kuya kuba yiminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uzifumane ukhwele "kwi-tweels" okanye "amavili asebenzayo."Okwangoku, amavili akho entsimbi okanye ialloy aya kukufumana ukusuka kwindawo A ukuya kwinqanaba B kakuhle.Nangona omelele yaye enokuthenjwa, amavili akhoyo asenokonakala kwiindlela ezinqumlayo, imingxuma, iindlela ezimbi kunye nokungqubana.Ungadinga ukutshintsha amavili akho ukugcina imoto yakho ibaleka ngokukhuselekileyo ngokuphathwa kakuhle kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwamafutha.IAmavili eRayoneinikeza amavili aphezulu-ukusebenza ukwenza ezininzi kunye nemifuziselo, ukusukaAmavili e-Audiukuya kumaviliIiBMWskwayeMaserati.Siyi-Top10 yeemoto zamavili e-China, sinomgca wokuphosa, umgca wokuhamba kunye nomgca owenziweyo onamavili akumgangatho ophezulu kunye nenkonzo yesiko.